學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)詞法基礎(chǔ)知識也是非常有好處的，那就是它可以使我們能夠輕松認(rèn)識更多單詞，以一種巧妙的方式擴(kuò)大詞匯量，短期內(nèi)記住更多的單詞。

今天，就和葉子老師一起來學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)詞法的基礎(chǔ)知識吧！文末有打印版供各位家長下載！

英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種，即 轉(zhuǎn)化法、 合成法和 派生法。

01

轉(zhuǎn)化法

在英語中，一個單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。

1. 動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

Let me have a try.

讓我試試。

They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.

在學(xué)校里只準(zhǔn)許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。

2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞

He shouldered his way through the crowd.

他用肩膀推開人群前進(jìn)。

The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.

從廚房傳來的氣味使他流口水。

3. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞

We will try our best to better our living conditions.

我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。

They tried to perfect the working conditions.

他們努力改善工作條件。

4. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.

他不辨是非。

The old in our village are living a happy life.

我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。

5. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞

How long have you lived there?

你在那兒住多久了？

6. 個別詞在一定場合中可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.

穿暖和的衣服到山區(qū)去是必須的。

Life is full of ups and downs.

人生有得意時也有失意時。

His argument contains too many ifs and buts.

他的辯論中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。

02

合成法

由兩個或兩個以上的單詞連在一起合成一個新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法，合成的詞叫做合成詞。合成詞一般看其詞，知其意。

1. 合成名詞

名詞/代詞+名詞 newspaper blood-test she-wolf

動詞+名詞 typewriter pickpocket daybreak

形容詞+名詞 greenhouse highway

副詞+名詞 overcoat outside

名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing +名詞 handwriting reading-room freezing-point

動詞+副詞/ 副詞+ 動詞 breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome

名詞+介詞+名詞 sister-in-law editor-in-chief

2. 合成形容詞

名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞 world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term

副詞+形容詞 over-anxious evergreen

名詞+過去分詞 man-made sun-burnt

名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 peace-loving English-speaking

形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 good-looking easy-going

副詞+過去分詞 well-informed widespread

副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 hardworking far-reaching

形容詞+名詞+ed warm-hearted absent-minded

數(shù)詞+名詞+ed three-legged ten-storied

數(shù)詞+名詞 one-way five–star

數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞 ten-year-old 800-meter-long

名詞+to+名詞 face –to-face door - to -door

3. 合成動詞

名詞+動詞 baby-sit sleepwalk

副詞+動詞 outnumber underestimate overwork

形容詞+動詞 whitewash

4. 合成副詞

形容詞＋名詞 meanwhile anyway

形容詞＋副詞 everywhere anyhow

副詞＋副詞 however

介詞＋名詞 beforehand overhead

介詞＋副詞 forever

5. 合成代詞

代詞賓格＋self/selves herself themselves

物主代詞＋self/selves myself yourselves

形容詞＋名詞 anything nothing

6. 合成介詞

副詞＋名詞 inside outside

介詞＋副詞 without within

副詞＋介詞 into

03

派生法

由一個詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。

1. 前綴

除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，但不改變單詞的詞性。

(1)表示否定意義的前綴

un- unhappy unfinished undress

dis- disagree disbelieve

in- [il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前)] inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular

mis- misbehave mislead mistake

non- nonstop nonsmoker

(2)表示其他意義的前綴

en- “使……”enrich enlarge encourage

inter- “相互”international intercontinental

re- “再，又，重”rethink retell recycle

tele- “遠(yuǎn)程的”telescope telephone telegraph

auto- “自動的”automatic automobile

co- “共同”coworker cooperate coexist

anti- “反對，抵抗”antiwar antifreeze antinuclear

multi- “多”multistory multicultural multicolor

bi- “雙，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral

micro- “極小的，微小的”microwave microcomputer

over- “太多，過分”overwork overdo overestimate

self- “自己，本身”self-centered self-confident self-control

under- “在……下面，……下的，不足的”underline, underground, underestimate, underrate

2. 后綴

(1)形容詞后綴

-able “可……的，具有……的”acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable

-al “與……有關(guān)的”physical, magical, political

-an “屬于某地方的人”American African

-ern “方向”southern, northern, eastern

-ful/ less “（沒）有……的”helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless

-ish “如……的；有……特征的”foolish childish selfish

-ive “有……傾向的”active attractive expensive

-en “由……制成的”golden wooden woolen

-ous “有（性質(zhì)）的”famous, dangerous, poisonous

-ly “有……性質(zhì)的”friendly yearly daily

-y “構(gòu)成形容詞”noisy dusty cloudy

(2)名詞后綴

-er / or “表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container

-ese “某國（人）的”Chinese, Japanese

-ian “某國、某地人；精通……的人”musician, Asian, Russian, technician

-ist “某種主義或職業(yè)者”physicist, scientist, communist，socialist

-ess “表女性，雌性”hostess, actress, princess

-ment “行為或其狀態(tài)”government, movement, achievement

-ness “性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)”illness, sadness, carelessness

-tion “動作，過程，結(jié)果”invention, organization, translation

-ance/ ence “抽象；行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)”importance, appearance, absence, existence

-th “性質(zhì)、情況” depth, warmth, truth

-ful “（滿的）量”handful, spoonful, mouthful

-(a)bility “抽象、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)”possibility, disability, reliability

-al “過程、狀態(tài)”survival, arrival, approval

-y “性質(zhì)、情況”modesty, delivery, honesty

-dom “處于……狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)”freedom, boredom

-age “狀態(tài)，行為，身份及其結(jié)果”courage, storage, marriage

(3)動詞后綴

-fy / ify “使得；變得” simplify, beautify, purify

-en “使成為；變得” shorten, deepen, sadden

-ize “使成為” apologize, realize, specialize

(4)副詞后綴

-ly “方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily

-ward(s) “向……” towards, forward, upwards

(5)數(shù)詞后綴

-teen “十幾” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen

-ty “整十位數(shù)” forty, fifty, sixty

-th “序數(shù)詞” twelfth, twentieth

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